促进绿色未来的全球木材科学与技术研究进展——国际林联第25届世界大会木材议题综述

国际林业研究组织联盟（IUFRO）第25届世界大会于2019年在巴西召开。文中从木材生长、木材性质与质量、木材识别、木材加工利用和木文化5个方面分别论述了这次大会在木材科学与技术领域的国际最新研究热点与进展，以反映全球木材科学的研究现状，并梳理学科发展方向。木材形成、木材质量、木材高附加值利用、木材识别新技术等议题依然是木材科学与技术领域的未来研究热点。     

重庆地区玉米黏虫僵虫体内虫生真菌的分离鉴定

玉米黏虫(Mythimna separata)是一种常见的鳞翅目害虫,具有暴发性和迁飞性,对农作物危害严重.虫生真菌是昆虫病原微生物中的最大类群,可以有效地控制自然界中害虫的种群数量.为了防治玉米黏虫和与玉米黏虫相近的草地贪夜蛾,丰富虫生真菌菌种资源,以采自重庆江津高粱地中的玉米黏虫僵虫为实验材料,运用传统培养方法分离鉴定了6株真菌.经过形态学观察和分子生物学鉴定将这6株真菌归类于3个属,分别为镰刀菌属(Fusarium)、青霉属(Penicillium)以及鬼伞属(Coprinellus).虫生真菌能够引发昆虫感染发病,将害虫的种群数量长期控制在较低水平以下,在生物防治方面很有意义.此次分离纯化得到镰刀菌属(Fusarium)和青霉属(Penicillium)的真菌均有潜在的杀虫能力,鬼伞属(Coprinellus)真菌具有防治线虫的潜力,这些真菌对玉米黏虫和草地贪夜蛾的杀虫效果还有待于进一步的实验研究.     

利用InDel技术评价甜菜品种的一致性

为了探索InDel分子标记技术在鉴定甜菜品种一致性中的可行性，本研究以8个甜菜品种为试材，每个品种取24个单株，分别提取基因组DNA，利用9对InDel引物对每个甜菜品种的24个单株分别进行InDel-PCR扩增，根据扩增条带分析每个甜菜品种的一致性分布特征。结果表明8个甜菜品种所有位点的平均一致性比率在67.7%~88.1%之间。单一引物在不同品种中表现出的一致性比率具有一定差异。例如，利用ND286引物在品种985和品种1123中检测出的一致性比率为100%，但是在其他品种中检测出的一致性比率分布在46%~63%之间。不同引物在同一品种中表现出的一致性比率可能相同，但其区分出的不一致植株可能相同也可能不同。比如，在平均一致性最好的品种1015中，ND31和ND71引物在24个植株中检测出的一致性比率相同，但ND31引物区分出的差异植株为13、14和15号植株，而ND71引物区分出的差异植株为8、15和21号植株。因此利用单个位点引物对甜菜品种一致性进行鉴定不具有普遍性和科学性，应该综合多个位点的表现进行一致性鉴定，且现阶段甜菜品种一致性鉴定的标准不宜设置过高。     

甜瓜叶斑病病原鉴定及室内药剂筛选

【目的】明确近年来引起甘肃大棚甜瓜叶斑病的病原,为该病害的有效防治提供参考依据。【方法】本试验分别采用组织分离法、单孢分离法和生长速率法,对甜瓜叶斑病病原菌及其物学特性和室内药剂筛选进行了研究。【结果】将引起甜瓜叶斑病病原菌病原菌鉴定为多隔链格孢(Alternaira peponicola( Rabenhorst ) simmous)和瓜链格孢(Alternaria cucumerina(Ell.et Ev.)Elliott.)；这两种链格孢生长的最适温度为30℃、光照、适宜培养基分别为完全光照、甜瓜煎汁培养基和完全黑暗、PDA；室内药剂筛选发现不同药剂对不同病原菌抑菌率不同,其中10%苯醚甲环唑、40%氟硅唑、50%福美双、70%代森锰锌对多隔链格孢菌抑菌率均在84%以上,分别为96.66%、94.46%、90.82%、84.37%,其EC₅₀分别为17.89μg/mL、3.41μg/mL、44.27μg/mL、42.34μg/mL；50%醚菌酯、43%戊唑醇、40%腈菌唑对瓜链格孢抑菌作用较好,抑菌率均在85%以上,分别为98.20%、90.82%、85.43%,其EC₅₀分别为3.45μg/mL、21.35μg/mL、5.21μg/mL。【结论】研究结果为甜瓜叶斑病的有效防治提供了依据。     

Development and Application of Cotton InDel Markers Based on High Throughput Sequencing

[Objective] Dimorphic InDel markers can be used for cotton variety identification and purity detection, to improve the accuracy and efficiency of cotton seed testing, and to play a role in molecular breeding of cotton. [Method] Based on the whole genome sequencing of 121 cotton varieties from different sources, the InDel markers with high polymorphism were developed according to polymorphism information content(PIC) and were applied in the genetic distance analysis and cluster analysis by using 66 cotton varieties in China. [Result] Totally 10 967 InDel were identified based on the next generation sequencing data of 121 cotton varieties. Among the 85 pairs of InDel primers synthesized, 64 were selected including 35 from At group and 29 from Dt group. The minimum average allelic frequency(MAF) of At and Dt chromosomes were 0.45 and 0.32, respectively, while the PIC were 0.49 and 0.40, respectively. The genetic distances of the 66 cotton varieties ranged from 0.04 to 0.65 centimorgan (cM), with an average of 0.39 cM. The two varieties with the largest genetic distance were Simian 3 and CCRI 36, and the two varieties with the smallest genetic distance were Xumian 18 and Xuza 3. [Conclusion] The 64 cotton dimorphic InDel markers can effectively reveal the relationships among varieties based on the genetic distance, and distinguish cotton varieties from different sources, which has certain theoretical significance and application value.     

Characterization and pathogenicity of six Cytospora strains causing stem canker of wild apple in the Tianshan Forest,China

Cytospora species are capable of causing destructive cankers of stems belonging to a wide range of woody plant species. In severe cases, cankers may lead to dieback of twigs and branches. Little is known about the Cytospora species causing canker disease of wild apple (Malus sieversii) trees in the Wild Fruit Forest Reserve in Tianshan Forest, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China. In this study, six Cytospora isolates belonging to two species were isolated from cankerous lesions of wild apple twigs. Based on multi‐locus phylogenetic analysis using three DNA markers (ITS, tef1‐α and tub2) and morphological characterization, these isolates were identified as Cytospora mali and Cytospora parasitica. Temperature trials (15, 20, 25 and 30°C) showed that the optimal growth temperature for six isolates was 25°C. At a variety of temperatures, C. mali isolates tended to grow faster than isolates of C. parasitica, with the C. mali isolate, EGI1 performing better than others with regard to growth rate. Morphological observations showed that these species exhibited a single locule without conceptacles, and the conidia length was 3–5 μm. In vitro inoculation trials of twigs and leaves of M. sieversii seedlings revealed that the C. mali isolates were highly virulent phytopathogenic fungi, whereas the C. parasitica isolates were less virulent. The isolate EGI1 was the most virulent isolate among the six isolates. This paper presents the first report of pathogenic Cytospora spp. of the M. sieversii Tianshan Wild Fruit Forest Reserve of Yili, Xinjiang in China. It will aid in the understanding of how apple tree cankers are induced and provide disease management guidelines for M. sieversii forest conservation.     

苜蓿青贮乳酸菌的筛选及其对苜蓿青贮发酵的影响

为获得苜蓿青贮用乳酸菌,本研究从苜蓿附生乳酸菌中通过抑菌活性、酸化苜蓿粉及结构性糖代谢中间产物的性能指标筛选优良菌株,并研究其对苜蓿(Medicago sativa)青贮发酵的影响。结果表明,1)筛选到抑菌活性较高、酸化苜蓿粉及结构性糖代谢中间产物综合性能较好的菌株ZZU A341,被鉴定为植物乳杆菌(Lactobacillus plantarum);2)青贮90 d,添加该菌株的处理组pH、氨态氮含量低于添加商业菌株(YX)的处理组,显著低于自然青贮(P<0.05)。综上所述,使用该筛选方法获得的优良乳酸菌可有效改善苜蓿发酵品质。     

毛菊苣不同部位显微鉴定

对毛菊苣不同部位显微鉴定,将毛菊苣药材的根、茎及种子进行粉碎,粉末分别在显微镜下鉴别。结果表明,毛菊苣显微特征中油细胞、石细胞、表皮细胞等都可以作为鉴定依据。     

基于DNA条形码的红翅大小蠹和黄杉大小蠹分子鉴定

外来有害生物的快速准确鉴定有助于提高口岸检疫效率。红翅大小蠹(Dendroctonus rufipennis)和黄杉大小蠹(D. pseudotsugae)作为大小蠹属的非中国种是我国口岸原木检疫中频繁截获的检疫性有害昆虫。本研究以mtDNA COI基因5′端和3′端序列为标记对红翅大小蠹与黄杉大小蠹的11个样本开展分子鉴定有效性评价。结果显示,当以COI基因5′端和3′端为靶标时,两种大小蠹间的平均遗传距离分别为0.181和0.144,是种内遗传距离的60.3和48倍,且种内、种间遗传距离间无重叠现象,在系统发育树上都能聚为独立的分支,表明mtDNA COI基因5′端和3′端序列均可有效区分红翅大小蠹与黄杉大小蠹。     

四种短体线虫的形态和分子生物学鉴定

 采用形态学和分子生物学方法对来自荷兰的藏橐吾和铃兰、泰国的高山榕、缅甸的香蕉等种苗(球)分别鉴定出玻利维亚短体线虫Pratylenchus bolivianus、铃兰短体线虫P. convallariae、咖啡短体线虫P. coffeae和斯佩奇短体线虫 P. speijeri。对这4种线虫的形态特征进行较为详细的描述后,认为头环、口针、侧区、生殖系统和尾形等形态特征是种类鉴定的重要依据;进一步利用引物28S-D2A/28S-D3Br扩增测序得到上述4种线虫的28S rRNA基因D2/D3区序列,序列分析发现玻利维亚短体线虫从欧洲到美洲的不同种群之间的遗传距离变异较小,仅为0~0.007;铃兰短体线虫同一种群不同个体之间的遗传变异较大,为0.006~0.029;咖啡短体线虫不同种群之间的平均遗传距离为0.013;斯佩奇短体线虫不同种群之间的平均遗传距离为0.010;咖啡短体线虫P. coffeae和斯佩奇短体线虫P. speijeri亲缘关系很近,二者种间平均遗传距离仅为0.026。本研究再次证明线虫28S rRNA基因D2/D3区基因序列可作为短体线虫种间鉴定的依据。